Originally published in Bay Windows, November 1, 2007.
Governor Deval Patrick recently endorsed presidential candidate Barack Obama with the Red Sox reference: “Around here, we know how to come from behind and win.” His statement underlines just how deeply sports are ingrained in American culture. Sports are also, in our society, fundamentally gendered, with different teams, rules, and in some cases, whole different sports for males and females. Political scientist Eileen McDonagh and journalist Laura Pappano, in Playing with the Boys (Oxford University Press: 2008) have written a provocative work that looks more closely at the interaction between these two truths, in the process questioning traditional gender distinctions.
Sports in the U.S. are organized on the principle of “coercive sex segregation,” they say, keeping the genders apart based on presumptions of female inferiority, greater susceptibility to injury, and a sense of immorality (or at least impropriety) about sex-integrated competition. These ideas go back to the origins of organized sport in America, which began as a way to convey the social values needed by men in a newly industrial society. Women’s sports, however, were framed differently. “Girls could play, but had to be feminine so that real sports for males could remain celebrated displays of masculinity.”
Male-female differences in sport are not absolutes, however. In fact, McDonagh and Pappano assert, “sex-segregated policies construct sex difference, thereby articulating in athletic and public life the relative potency and status of what we mean by male and female.” Even today, “Despite enormous gains the fundamental norms are still firmly in place: women can play sports as long as their participation reinforces, rather than challenges, the view of women as heterosexually attractive and lesser athletes than men.” Men’s sports’ domination of the media reflects this bias. Women athletes may get attention—but often, as much for their looks as for their abilities. Unless we take steps towards greater parity, the authors say, we will continue to reinforce traditional gender roles and the lesser status of women. Read more »